https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://id.crossref.org/issn/0302-9743 http://purl.org/dc/terms/title Data Integration in the Life Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract Linking the biomedical literature to other data resources is notoriously difficult and requires text mining. Text mining aims to automatically extract facts from literature. Since authors write in natural language, text mining is a great natural language processing challenge, which is far from being solved. We propose an alternative: If authors and editors summarize the main facts in a controlled natural language, text mining will become easier and more powerful. To demonstrate this approach, we use the language Attempto Controlled English (ACE). We define a simple model to capture the main aspects of protein interactions. To evaluate our approach, we collected a dataset of 459 paragraph headings about protein interaction from literature. 56% of these headings can be represented exactly in ACE and another 23% partially. These results indicate that our approach is feasible. https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/date 2006 https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf http://id.crossref.org/issn/0302-9743 https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/title Improving Text Mining with Controlled Natural Language: A Case Study for Protein Interactions https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/author-list https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://purl.org/spar/fabio/BookChapter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 http://schema.org/affiliation https://ror.org/02crff812 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Tobias Kuhn https://ror.org/02crff812 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name University of Zurich, Switzerland https://ror.org/042aqky30 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/author-list http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/author-list http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_2 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/loic-royer https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/author-list http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_3 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/norbert-e-fuchs https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/author-list http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_4 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/michael-schroeder https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/loic-royer http://schema.org/affiliation https://ror.org/042aqky30 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/loic-royer http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Loic Royer https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/michael-schroeder http://schema.org/affiliation https://ror.org/042aqky30 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/michael-schroeder http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Michael Schroeder https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/norbert-e-fuchs http://schema.org/affiliation https://ror.org/02crff812 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/norbert-e-fuchs http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Norbert E. Fuchs https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/loic-royer https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/michael-schroeder https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/norbert-e-fuchs https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Tobias Kuhn https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-06-30T15:12:45.000+02:00 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://w3id.org/np/RAkkUz7qBJ-BIOCHV_4WCTgHCdTyI25_bnRuw166SXjwM/DOI-bot https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType http://purl.org/spar/fabio/ScholarlyWork https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_7 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://purl.org/nanopub/x/supersedes https://w3id.org/np/RA3ynam1bWWwGynJTWVdYtxneUu6dr2O3ePoofL1YMnT4 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Improving Text Mining with Controlled Natural Language: A Case Study for Protein Interactions https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate http://purl.org/np/RAGXx_k9eQMnXaCbsXMsJbGClwZtQEGNg0GVJu6amdAVw https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RACJ58Gvyn91LqCKIO9zu1eijDQIeEff28iyDrJgjSJF8 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAoTD7udB2KtUuOuAe74tJi1t3VzK0DyWS7rYVAq1GRvw https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA6NErVvGFJ1AflK02qqnB4jiQeF2EHl7mlbA7kp0d-lk https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/loic-royer http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Loic Royer https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/michael-schroeder http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Michael Schroeder https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/norbert-e-fuchs http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Norbert E. Fuchs https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEArRL5MjH1KfuE89dpKsIiscF/THrJ4uSvhl0NgaC8x3TdTDrL00kCnlH+2g7PMYhaUQIGWq27TTXHAGp7ehO8yLjRNeDCc8zjUCQJqLbzay3DB51PCiz50OsMgxiZC1+e0bVdk/CAQV4oVo+VgI+awHI1bTT4Yp7pR2I67imf1PIcwczGVhn8EQwtNdWQOZ63wDgUCY+6IubHBQzjLfbYh0828UETEyIV28T7fvf5+y4A5M590InmgkLGpJbRXoL0pnCm1BtFOoxeAVqfivbxIZWPYN2Yd0cSfqwIIUYyaLFpjDrBwc4iJdOus4UQ9OYqkeZDMpU3opU8jWKDIm77jwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature BnO4qLx1RwwjGfr4RFFpZ43mL+Zesv2xmeKKO0PRSnmzeHaHdPS//lHkUtb6CcC+aHrt0PlwAIALKV/wTs0V7/uV+YPrP7Fylm47XJWlQWq4v8k9CTKpZHi2To/c2pv9E/ncIykCfSi67XJxDfvEvpycmeFzRq/G+BaBaK6TwOlYGjVegy/gR7hyF9GbWGoVXhmzbBr1HFw9V59hMKpNIXBhUsT7ceqD+cZoj9v5MGFwpGRd/8RgsbE3SH79hGEtTKyNry/so8gTN8dYL5sBqHDTwdceF2Go+bDlD11rs8fwFjznYp9xn2w2xdvuBkMN1NOKaeh8JD0HFZ+U5JiaFg== https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 https://w3id.org/np/RA0F2_mI3eRanuD3fA-Y0-KDghJ9irKHrIv1Il66JI10Q/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://w3id.org/np/RAkkUz7qBJ-BIOCHV_4WCTgHCdTyI25_bnRuw166SXjwM/DOI-bot