. . . . "gaval" . "short_name" . . . . "GAVal" . "GAVal"@nl-be . "comments: Should parent compound not be acrylamide? feedback_epi team: Yes assigning Acrylamide as parent compound seems correct to me. Because Acrylamide is the substance a human is exposed to, and we can measure GAVAL and AAVAL to reflect that exposure. GA‑Val (GAVAL) and AA‑Val (AAVAL) — are both well‑established biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide. These adducts form when the reactive compounds bind to the N‑terminal valine of hemoglobin. Core attribution - AAVAL (N‑(2‑carbamoylethyl)valine) reflects exposure to acrylamide, the parent compound. - GAVAL (N‑(2‑carbamoyl‑2‑hydroxyethyl)valine) reflects exposure to glycidamide, which is the epoxide metabolite formed when acrylamide is metabolized via CYP2E1. This relationship is well documented: acrylamide is converted to glycidamide, and both acrylamide and glycidamide form hemoglobin adducts that can be used to reconstruct exposure. source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5696489/ Moreover, AA and GA react with plasma and other proteins, such as hemoglobin (Hb). Covalent binding to the N-terminal valine (Val) residue of Hb results in formation of N-(2-carbamoylethyl)valine (AAVal) and N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)valine (GAVal) Hb adducts that can be specifically cleaved off and derivatized to serve as biomarkers for long-term exposure monitoring (Bergmark et al. 1993; EFSA 2015; Fennell et al. 2005)." . . "N-(2-Carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)valine" . "N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)valine"@nl-be . . . "acrylamide" . . "2026-06-30T21:07:00.755142+02:00"^^ . . . . . "N-(2-Carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)valine" . "2026-06-30T21:07:00.755142+02:00"^^ . . . "RSA" . "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEArwKYgWZTyvZqlmCnnhp2LFM62fX6ZMq4EJ92Oea5H7vHoPOftYej+zS3Vi95eMLZ+RCGd0mNZ0x2+n2rYdGqf/R+9VesqVAjrhGECXLwF3t84VbysGYgiOd5m4YPpzzcgRHpBjYjK86+hR7hqc+y0ai36tYp165WhuaXbnWY5apw8aUN9Q5e1Daid70PST0Hri9dV/Eq4mxbogXlzJbgduIVOwQMyYlGLrb+NyLDpFT+8VpPs+vblnFTF0xwIrcA11O0Mv/WqCfyrtA77nxtc4gY9RkES+2vaEUuCzxbDleUL/JmxOxSI8Cl0LtgBcRZpD7wppe4sIp3CsuK4a5J2QIDAQAB" . "Fv+WgA6YgPHFKpt6JJCzJOlSMP6bLxbMnrJWSpPbcApNgsw1YWU3M3bCXc0JTwiruARehfCIdO2joTzbCr/caoci50QhaYDmePYkrHygEdAJFhRRo1G6gKGsZS3C6YH2WO1iiT1t+wYGm8hXqD1cLWwQbSUk7d2RUrDEcDaBGD6X2FOPcOCO4n2ajBl39cA1fj3cc5KHA4B0pN89MFfhbBN55PP7xafp44+wQTKZhqzWCP1f9O9svkcPBzqTM9zPBekiw7fW2mTRJbc1YTCYTCOr8aCE/gY3N0wBHpm9Jr57R3ITAYAh1INDL75pfcUMgUt4sx4k5jRrb1O3mCpq7w==" . . .