rows {
  options {
    physical_type: PHYSICAL_STREAM_TYPE_QUADS
    max_name_table_size: 128
    max_prefix_table_size: 16
    max_datatype_table_size: 16
    logical_type: LOGICAL_STREAM_TYPE_DATASETS
    version: 2
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://w3id.org/np/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "RAbv_E_U02qVYAHDisjKEUhi7qQYFsjhGqL24QEbWRP78"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "this"
    value {
      prefix_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://w3id.org/np/RAbv_E_U02qVYAHDisjKEUhi7qQYFsjhGqL24QEbWRP78/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "sub"
    value {
      prefix_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "np"
    value {
      prefix_id: 3
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "dct"
    value {
      prefix_id: 4
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "nt"
    value {
      prefix_id: 5
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "npx"
    value {
      prefix_id: 6
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "xsd"
    value {
      prefix_id: 7
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "rdfs"
    value {
      prefix_id: 8
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://orcid.org/"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "orcid"
    value {
      prefix_id: 9
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "prov"
    value {
      prefix_id: 10
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
  }
}
rows {
  namespace {
    name: "foaf"
    value {
      prefix_id: 11
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasAssertion"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "assertion"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "Head"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
      name_id: 1
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
      name_id: 3
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
    }
    g_iri {
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasProvenance"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "provenance"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasPublicationInfo"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "pubinfo"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "type"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "Nanopublication"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 12
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://doi.org/10.1145/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "3712256.3726452"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "creator"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "0000-0001-9487-5622"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 13
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 4
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 9
    }
    g_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
      name_id: 4
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "publisher"
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://ror.org/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "021nxhr62"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 4
      name_id: 15
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 14
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "subject"
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "http://edamontology.org/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "topic_3316"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 4
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 15
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "article"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 12
      name_id: 10
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 16
      name_id: 19
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    id: 5
    value: "https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "FAIRDigitalObject"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 5
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "comment"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 8
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) has served as a widely-utilized metaheuristic algorithm for decades for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Since its initial construction, ACO has seen a wide variety of modifications and connections to Reinforcement Learning (RL). Substantial parallels can be seen as early as 1995 with Ant-Q\'s relationship with Q-learning, through 2022 with ADACO\'s connection with Policy Gradient. In this work, we describe ACO, more specifically the Stochastic Gradient Descent ACO algorithm (ACOSGD), explicitly as an off-policy Policy Gradient (PG) method. We also incorporate experience replay into several ACO algorithm variants, including AS, MaxMin-ACO, ACOSGD, ADACO, and our two policy gradient-based versions: PGACO and PPOACO, drawing the connection to elitist ACO strategies. We show that our implementation of PG in ACO with experience replay and a baselined reward update strategy applied to eight TSP problems of varying sizes performs competitively with both fundamental ACO and SGD-based ACO versions. We also show that the replay buffer seems to unilaterally improve the performance of ACO algorithms through an ablation study"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "label"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "Ant Colony Optimization with Policy Gradients and Replay"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasMetadata"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 5
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
      name_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "contactPoint"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 6
      name_id: 24
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "john.sheppard@montana.edu"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "endDate"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "July 13 2025"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "startDate"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "2024"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "wasAttributedTo"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "0009-0008-8411-2742"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
      name_id: 4
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 10
      name_id: 27
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 9
    }
    g_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
      name_id: 7
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "name"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 9
      name_id: 28
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 11
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "Emily Regalado"
    }
    g_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
      name_id: 9
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "created"
  }
}
rows {
  datatype {
    value: "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
      name_id: 1
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 4
      name_id: 30
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "2026-04-30T21:39:47.426Z"
      datatype: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      name_id: 13
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 9
      name_id: 28
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "license"
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 4
      name_id: 31
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 7
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    id: 3
    value: "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "introduces"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
      name_id: 32
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 13
      name_id: 12
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "wasCreatedAt"
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    id: 14
    value: "https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
      name_id: 33
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 14
      name_id: 2
    }
  }
}
rows {
  prefix {
    value: "https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 15
      name_id: 34
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "RACJ58Gvyn91LqCKIO9zu1eijDQIeEff28iyDrJgjSJF8"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 15
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    o_iri {
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "wasCreatedFromTemplate"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 15
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "sig"
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasAlgorithm"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    s_iri {
      prefix_id: 2
    }
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "RSA"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasPublicKey"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB"
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasSignature"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_literal {
      lex: "QK0Uq0dM8EDClZWwK1iypzM5Jofx7eS22L4Yyk8y1QSVx7lJke+W4p4J+YgX6SyQ5ArHEcpoJHzdiV/fM2BzLoBO5d4TqI2fXMpyAdEa3MCZBkv2VnG7G27xSBbEEuYQQfKCdCuLpxFTUfq7u6U9225ODch4R53l2xXGGJPhzvwuwAFxphAzJcrDZo8NzhyHbYq3Mp7Y0FZUbbAF6GBwK/qxrRVuUNuhVE6+EMSo9o3cATE/pb5B5YMkOSY2GYfsThybCKX0FETh5T5L8pp4AY3kA8aCW42ZpH0511DkuMpDNvyDArvBmj85jLc7wJaJPV8n2NtpbChXFOrjlMWIug=="
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "hasSignatureTarget"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 1
      name_id: 1
    }
  }
}
rows {
  name {
    value: "signedBy"
  }
}
rows {
  quad {
    p_iri {
      prefix_id: 3
      name_id: 46
    }
    o_iri {
      prefix_id: 9
      name_id: 28
    }
  }
}