https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/assertion https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-9849 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3624-6358 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-9380 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-009X https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher https://ror.org/05amyt365 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://edamontology.org/topic_0219 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/article https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#FAIRDigitalObject https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Many resources and professionals reference the 3-2-1 backup rule as an effective strategy to prevent active research data loss. However, the changes in storage technology and the pace of research data growth have outgrown the 3-2-1 rule. Objectives: The authors want to contribute background information and invite community input to evolve the 3-2-1 rule to fit modern research data and storage better. This evolution would provide better information to research data management professionals and researchers for more resilient research data. Methods: The authors facilitated a workshop at the Research Data Access and Preservation (RDAP) Summit in 2025 to present the necessary information for understanding the current storage and backup landscape. Backups were reframed as failure modes for data loss and corresponding preventative data protection measures. Results: The workshop resulted in an overview and summary of data protection methods and the ways in which they mitigate different “failures,” which allows for a more nuanced discussion of data protection that is not enabled by use of the 3-2-1 rule nor the term “backup” alone. Workshop participants brainstormed ways that the information presented in the workshop could be synthesized and incorporated into various learning materials, including materials for data professionals and researchers. https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Evolving the 3-2-1 backup rule for more resilient data https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://schema.org/funder https://ror.org/021nxhr62 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#hasMetadata https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#contactPoint dmccaffrey@starfishstorage.com https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#endDate January 2026 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#startDate 2025 https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Emily Regalado https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-06-10T23:02:00.682Z https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.1174 https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA http://purl.org/nanopub/x/wasCreatedAt https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/ https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RACJ58Gvyn91LqCKIO9zu1eijDQIeEff28iyDrJgjSJF8 https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature J8FykTJ8CdpjixvP8F3f3UibzF8cEvFWpvfYz6vrqmogaHw70ukzFlWFnhOxIZx4vGPdFkc9hGF5JqoJpIIOPVrtNRjFZPZoaLBiqWcnAI7mTrGzIWDO1gsjLuyowv5nd3yAotzyenq+z5x5I20A1lVFA+lRAU9DQRjICq+Il7jzxNTQW3zR+N7UMeA5VAp+FUB+Ft7qNyUjO+Glft7u0aBJ6Ds0MzCokXSjP2U8k8mYOG3IUwfNBiCICKiLGLBzZGDgCdzHHDi7l+62R/nwF4uQe6FfZdiiGzjcTiipwwBs9FZg+3EIG5xoOM1YLfew+JXa+VrxMUSzuwVbTGyNRw== https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA https://w3id.org/np/RAuJ0mkUEg65Nb2upixxH25FE5eMDWKv9Ws2zT4T3WnyA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742