https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/assertion https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-8729 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-585X https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-7607 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher https://ror.org/04bd6je18 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/article https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#FAIRDigitalObject https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Despite years of research, concepts such as human tolerance andacceptability of wildlife remain inconsistently defined and measured,creating confusion, undermining comparative and longitudinalresearch, and limiting utility to practitioners. To address these short-comings, the wildlife attitude-acceptability framework proposed inter-secting attitudes toward wildlife species with acceptability of impactsfrom that species to reveal four archetypes of human cognitionstoward wildlife. Here, we use data from western US household surveysto populate the conceptual space of the wildlife attitude-acceptabilityframework with human cognitions toward three carnivore species:gray wolf (Canis lupis), cougar (Puma concolor), and grizzly bear(Ursus arctos horribilis). This empirical application of the wildlife atti-tude-acceptability framework demonstrates its potential to informmanagement and conservation efforts, promote consistent measure-ment across species and studies, and extend theoretical understand-ing of concepts like tolerance, which are necessary for human–wildlifecoexistence. We discuss these opportunities and remaining needs forimprovement before wider adoption.KEYWORDSCarnivores; coexistence;cognitions; conservation;methods; quantitativesurvey; toleranceIntroduction and Literature ReviewHuman dimensions of wildlife researchers have increasingly sought to define and oper-ationalize concepts relating to human–wildlife interactions, including people’s cognitionstoward species and their evaluations of wildlife-related costs and benefits (Carlson et al.,2023; König et al., 2020). Despite this literature, or perhaps because of it (Bruskotter et al.,2015), wildlife scientists and practitioners continue to hold shared, contested, and some-times confused perspectives toward concepts such as tolerance, acceptability, coexistence,and other cognitions such as beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions when used withregard to wildlife (Glikman et al., 2021; Hill, 2021). Universally shared definitions of theseCONTACT Alexander L. Metcalf alex.metcalf@umontana.edu Wildlife Biology Degree Program, Department ofSociety & Conservation, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, 440 CHCB, 32 Campus Drive,Missoula, MT 59812, USAThis article has been republished with a minor change. This change does not impact on the academic content of the article.HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE2025, VOL. 30, NO. 4, 415–429https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. Major findings: Researchers developed a new tool called the "wildlife attitude-acceptability framework" to better understand how people think about large predators like wolves, cougars, and grizzly bears. By looking at whether people like the animal (their attitude) and whether they are okay with the impacts the animal has on their lives (their acceptability), the researchers identified four main groups: advocates, conditional supporters, opponents, and those who tolerate the species. The study found that while many people like these animals, they are often "conditional supporters" who only want them around if they don't cause too much trouble. This framework helps wildlife managers set clearer goals and create better plans for helping humans and wildlife coexist. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label The wildlife attitude-acceptability framework’s potential toinform human dimensions of wildlife science and practice https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://schema.org/funder https://ror.org/0078xmk34 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#hasMetadata https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#contactPoint elizabeth.metcalf@umontana.edu https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#endDate 2025 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#startDate 2024 https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Emily Regalado https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-01-14T05:37:41.452Z https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10871209.2024.2318330?needAccess=true https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/wasCreatedAt https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/ https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA0J4vUn_dekg-U1kK3AOEt02p9mT2WO03uGxLDec1jLw https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature m9Qw74QHygZVv37+vTtch5HB+ui3L2zCNsB0O9JqKn211DQP+VndDVj6maV6BkBPOp2XCKMKzj7BAu3IOTrk49u0IgL85yd+nYIvKYIyJNJmPTZlceNaPNDQM1UQnlzV08xOzcrY3YqYyK8H+k8Kx1NLApBvKE6XQsCFFSXnT3MW3+bPa1KmBSiEp80lfN6iX4X/KpTjb5BxiORMjt713WdDchCnZwpamHB19g2MRadhFeizbnToGZ1/Sp6fJF04+PRydZypLOB65RG98XGe6ndt14Ji0+nsMOHOOsmwjQFJtqc0THyVrCkd/nepUIvpr4R/3n5h61ZUx/6Y9Q2SvA== https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM https://w3id.org/np/RAxDsWZcoQHpJx7RdPRl4Hslcb4B9Hpkpj3rJ8co0vkwM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742